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1. Ga 12 6 0 0 293 7 1 17 2 2 34 39 34 447 ga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 10 (Embed.) wo 13 2 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 sub total 41 356 83 480 Table 2: Distribution of Zero pronouns and their referential elements (Total Number of Zero Pronouns: 480 instances, 423 sentences) Condition for sentence with zero pronoun Type of Type of Sub Clause.
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Textual variants in the Epistle to the Galatians are the subject of the study called textual criticism of the New Testament. Textual variants in manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given below.

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Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may create a repetition (error of dittography). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as 'he said' becoming 'Jesus said'). John Mill's 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus^[1][2] which was based on 'nearly 100 [Greek] manuscripts.'^[3] Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones.^[4]

Legend[edit]

A guide to the symbols used in the body of this article.

• number beginning with '0': uncial
• number not beginning with '0': minuscule
• Byz: Byzantine text-type
• cop: Coptic versions
• eth: Ethiopian versions
• ƒ: Family
• geo: Georgian versions
• it: Itala (Old Latin/Vetus Latina)
• lat: Vulgate and some Itala versions
• 𝔐: Majority Text
• mss: manuscripts
• P{displaystyle {mathfrak {P}}}: papyrus
• ℓ or Lect.: lectionary
• rell: reliqui; 'all other manuscripts'
• slav: Slavic versions
• syr: Syriac versions
• TR: Textus Receptus
• vg: Vulgate

Notable manuscripts[edit]

• א: Codex Sinaiticus (01)
• A: Codex Alexandrinus (02)
• B: Codex Vaticanus (03)
• C: Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (04)
• D^p (D): Codex Claromontanus (06)
• F^p (F): Codex Augiensis (010)
• G^p (G): Codex Boernerianus (012)
• K^ap (K): Codex Mosquensis I (018)
• L^ap (L): Codex Angelicus (020)
• P^apr (P): Codex Porphyrianus (025)
• Ψ: Codex Athous Lavrensis (044)
• g¹: Codex Sangermanensis I

Notable textual variants[edit]

Galatians 2:20

υιου του θεου – א, A, C, D², Ψ

θεου και Χριστου – B, D*, F, G, (b)

Galatians 2:20

αγαπησαντος – all mss.

αγορασαντος – Marcion

Galatians 3:14

ἐπαγγελίαν – א, A, B, C, D², K, P, Ψ, 33, 81, 88^mg, 104, 181, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 630, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 2127, 2492, 2465, Byz, Lect, it, vg. syr, cop, arm

εὐλογίαν – P{displaystyle {mathfrak {P}}}⁴⁶, D*, F^gr, G, 88*, it

Galatians 5:21

φθόνοι – P{displaystyle {mathfrak {P}}}⁴⁶, א, B, 33, 81, 2492, ℓ603, ℓ809, it, cop^sa

φθόνοι φόνοι – A, C, D, G, K, P, Ψ, 0122, 88, 104, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 630, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1985, 2127, 2495, Byz, Lect

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αναπληρωσετε – B G 1962 it vg syr^p,pal cop^sa,bo goth eth

αποπληρωσετε – P{displaystyle {mathfrak {P}}}⁴⁶

αναπληρωσατε – א, A, C, D^gr, K, P, Ψ, 0122, 33, 81, 88, 104, 181, Byz

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Adam Fox 1954, John Mill and Richard Bentley: A Study of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament 1675–1729 Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 105–15.
2. ^John Mill 1707, Novum Testamentum Graecum, cum lectionibus variantibus MSS Oxford.
3. ^Metzger and Ehrman (2005), p. 154
4. ^Peter J. Gurry, 2016, 'The Number of Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate' New Testament Studies 62.1, p. 113

Further reading[edit]

• Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine, ed. E. Nestle, K. Aland 1981, Stuttgart.
• Metzger, Bruce M.; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005), The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration (4th ed.), New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Bart D. Ehrman 1996, 'The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament', Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, pp. 223–27.
• Bruce M. Metzger 1994, 'A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament', United Bible Societies, London & New York.

External links[edit]

• Variantes textuais(in Portuguese)

In literary theory, textuality comprises all of the attributes that distinguish the communicative content under analysis as an object of study. It is associated with structuralism and post-structuralism.

Explanation[edit]

Textuality is not just about the written word; it also comprises the placement of the words and the reader's interpretation. There is not a set formula to describe a text's textuality; it is not a simple procedure. This summary is true even though the interpretation that a reader develops from that text may decide the identity and the definitive meanings of that text. Textuality, as a literary theory, is that which constitutes a text in a particular way. The text is an indecidable (there is an inexistence of an effective or 'strict' method of writing or structure).

Aspects[edit]

Being textual includes innumerable elements and aspects. Each and every form of text and text in that form of literature embraces and consists of its own individual and personal characteristics; these may include its personality, the individuality of that personality, the popularity, and so on. The textualities of the text define its characteristics. Sidify music converter for spotify 1 0 7 download free. However, the characteristics are also closely associated with the structure of the text (Structuralism). Peter Barry's discussion of textuality notes that 'its essence is the belief that things cannot be understood in isolation – they have to be seen in the context of the larger structures they are part of'.^[1] To form an opinion, criticise, or completely interpret a text one would first have to read the complete literary work as a whole; this enables the reader to make supported judgements on the personality and individuality of the text. The text is always hiding something. Although the reading may define and the interpretation may decide, the text does not define or decide. The text rests as operationally and fundamentally indecidable. Roger Webster frequently uses metaphors of ‘weaving', ‘tissue', ‘texture', ‘strands', and ‘filiation' when talking about the structure of texts.^[2] He also agrees that 'instead, the text is a surface over which the reader can range in any number of ways that the text permits.'

φθόνοι – P{displaystyle {mathfrak {P}}}⁴⁶, א, B, 33, 81, 2492, ℓ603, ℓ809, it, cop^sa

φθόνοι φόνοι – A, C, D, G, K, P, Ψ, 0122, 88, 104, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 630, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1985, 2127, 2495, Byz, Lect

Galatians 6:2 Wifi analyzer mac free.

αναπληρωσετε – B G 1962 it vg syr^p,pal cop^sa,bo goth eth

αποπληρωσετε – P{displaystyle {mathfrak {P}}}⁴⁶

αναπληρωσατε – א, A, C, D^gr, K, P, Ψ, 0122, 33, 81, 88, 104, 181, Byz

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Adam Fox 1954, John Mill and Richard Bentley: A Study of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament 1675–1729 Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 105–15.
2. ^John Mill 1707, Novum Testamentum Graecum, cum lectionibus variantibus MSS Oxford.
3. ^Metzger and Ehrman (2005), p. 154
4. ^Peter J. Gurry, 2016, 'The Number of Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate' New Testament Studies 62.1, p. 113

Further reading[edit]

• Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine, ed. E. Nestle, K. Aland 1981, Stuttgart.
• Metzger, Bruce M.; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005), The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration (4th ed.), New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Bart D. Ehrman 1996, 'The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament', Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, pp. 223–27.
• Bruce M. Metzger 1994, 'A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament', United Bible Societies, London & New York.

External links[edit]

• Variantes textuais(in Portuguese)

In literary theory, textuality comprises all of the attributes that distinguish the communicative content under analysis as an object of study. It is associated with structuralism and post-structuralism.

Explanation[edit]

Textuality is not just about the written word; it also comprises the placement of the words and the reader's interpretation. There is not a set formula to describe a text's textuality; it is not a simple procedure. This summary is true even though the interpretation that a reader develops from that text may decide the identity and the definitive meanings of that text. Textuality, as a literary theory, is that which constitutes a text in a particular way. The text is an indecidable (there is an inexistence of an effective or 'strict' method of writing or structure).

Aspects[edit]

Being textual includes innumerable elements and aspects. Each and every form of text and text in that form of literature embraces and consists of its own individual and personal characteristics; these may include its personality, the individuality of that personality, the popularity, and so on. The textualities of the text define its characteristics. Sidify music converter for spotify 1 0 7 download free. However, the characteristics are also closely associated with the structure of the text (Structuralism). Peter Barry's discussion of textuality notes that 'its essence is the belief that things cannot be understood in isolation – they have to be seen in the context of the larger structures they are part of'.^[1] To form an opinion, criticise, or completely interpret a text one would first have to read the complete literary work as a whole; this enables the reader to make supported judgements on the personality and individuality of the text. The text is always hiding something. Although the reading may define and the interpretation may decide, the text does not define or decide. The text rests as operationally and fundamentally indecidable. Roger Webster frequently uses metaphors of ‘weaving', ‘tissue', ‘texture', ‘strands', and ‘filiation' when talking about the structure of texts.^[2] He also agrees that 'instead, the text is a surface over which the reader can range in any number of ways that the text permits.'

Textuality is a practice. Through a text's textuality, it makes itself mean, makes itself be, and makes itself come about in a particular way. Through its textuality, the text relinquishes its status as identity and affirms its condition as pure difference. In indifference, the text 'dedefines' itself, etches itself in a texture or network of meaning, which is not limited to the text itself. Barry describes this as a 'structuralist approach to literature, there is a constant movement away from the interpretation of the individual literary work and a parallel drive towards understanding the larger, abstract structures which contain them'.^[1]

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A different view of textuality has been put forward by Rein Raud, according to whom textualities are 'ordered sets of texts of different status that are related to each other and come with pre-arranged modes of interpretation'.^[3] A textuality consists of base-texts, 'those that define a textual community and form a part of the necessary cultural competence of its members'^[4], result-texts, 'bids that have just been accepted and entered circulation, as well as those that have done so some time ago but are still being considered recent arrivals by their recipients'^[5], mediated by an operational memory, 'a shared (and internally contradictory) mental space of the cultural community and its various subgroups where texts are produced and processed'^[6] Crossftp pro 1 97 7 download free. , which contains different kinds of knowledge, standards and codes shared to different extent by the carriers of the culture. According to Raud, this model is complementary to a model of cultural practices, in which the production, distribution and transmission of meaning is regarded in the context of individual participation and activity, while a textuality is necessarily shared and perceived by its carriers to be an objective, albeit constructed, reality.

Concept of 'text'[edit]

The word text arose within structuralism as a replacement for the older idea in literary criticism of the 'work', which is always complete and deliberately authored.^[7] A text must necessarily be thought of as incomplete, indeed as missing something crucial that provides the mechanics of understanding. The text is always partially hidden; one word for the hidden part in literary theory is the subtext.^[7]

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The concept of the text in structuralism requires a relatively simple relationship between language and writing. Jacques Derrida, a leading post-structuralist, questions this relationship, aiming his critique primarily at Ferdinand de Saussure, who, he claims, does not recognize in the relationship between speech and writing 'more than a narrow and derivative function'.^[8] For Derrida, this approach requires putting too much emphasis on speech:

'Saussure confronts the system of the spoken language with the system of phonetic (and even alphabetic) writing as though with the telos (purpose) of writing.'

Summation[edit]

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Barry says that 'one of structuralism's characteristic views is the notion that language doesn't just reflect or record the world: rather, it shapes it, so that how we see is what we see'.^[1] This is closely linked to 'post-structuralism' which is in fact, closely linked also to textuality. And Barry believes that the 'post-structuralist maintains that the consequences of this belief are that we enter a universe of radical uncertainty…'.^[1] Derrida further states:

'This teleology leads to the interpretation of all eruptions of the nonphonetic within writing as transitory crises and accidents of passage, and it is right to consider this teleology to be a Western ethnocentrism, a premathematical primitivism, and a preformalistintuitionism.'^[8]

In short, textuality is an individual and uncertain skill that will always be read and interpreted in texts in different ways, by different people, and at different times. It is a literary tool that can never be defined like an exact science and that will always be influenced by the writer's life, such as, their upbringing, education, culture, age, religion, gender, and multiple other persuading factors.^{[citation needed]}

In the media[edit]

Textuality can be seen, heard, read, and interacted with.^[9]

Each of the three forms of medium – oral, print, and electronic – has a different form of textuality that reflects the way the sensory modalities are stimulated.

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• An example of textuality in the oral medium is the sound itself.
• An example of textuality in the print medium is the physicality of a book.
• An example of textuality in the electronic medium is the interactivity of a website, or visual of a specific television show.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdBarry, Peter, Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory, 3rd ed., Manchester University Press, 2002. ISBN0-7190-6268-3
2. ^Webster, Roger, Studying Literary Theory: An Introduction, 2nd ed. St.Martin's Press, 1996. ISBN0-340-58499-8
3. ^Raud, Rein (2016). Meaning in Action: Outline of an Integral Theory of Culture. Cambridge: Polity. p. 55. ISBN978-1-5095-1125-9.
4. ^Raud, Rein (2016). Meaning in Action: Outline of an Integral Theory of Culture. Poility. p. 64. ISBN978-1-5095-1125-9.
5. ^Raud, Rein (2016). Meaning in Action: Outline of an Integral Theory of Culture. Cambridge: Polity. p. 9. ISBN978-1-5095-1125-9.
6. ^Raud, Rein (2016). Meaning in Action: Outline of an Integral Theory of Culture. Cambridge: Polity. p. 56. ISBN978-1-5095-1125-9.
7. ^ ^abGreene, Roland, ed.-in-chief, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, Princeton University Press, 2012. ISBN978-0-691-13334-8
8. ^ ^abDerrida, Jacques, De la Grammatologie, translated as Of Grammatology by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak,1976 corrected edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. ISBN0-8018-5830-5
9. ^Hayles, Katherine (2002). Writing Machines. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN0-262-58215-5.